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Maintenance and Relapse Prevention in Chemical Dependency Treatment

Substance abuse treatment professionals should provide clients with the knowledge, strategies, and strength to continue recovery after treatment ceases. Clients will have a comparatively short time in treatment to plan the rest of their lives. Understanding the client's goals should be the counselor's primary goal. Long-term success will be dependent upon the client's desire to stay healthy, but relapse prevention techniques, especially early on, can be beneficial. This paper will analyze relapse prevention techniques that can be employed to promote long-term recovery in clients.

Relapse prevention is primarily skills counselors can teach their clients to prevent the return of addictive behaviors. Relapse and recovery should be defined by the client, and appropriate strategies should be congruent with the client's goals. High-risk situations (HRS) are important for the client and counselor to identify. HRS are situations where there is a posed threat to the client's recovery (Capuzzi & Stauffer, 2008). For example, high-risk situations may be a particular event, a group of friends, or even a time of day. The client should identify the situation, the associated thought, the resulting emotion, and an action plan to prevent relapse. Most relapse events are associated with three kinds of high-risk situations including frustration and anger, interpersonal temptation, or social pressure (Capuzzi & Stauffer, 2008). Relapse Prevention Therapy (RPT) is a type of cognitive-behavioral therapy which helps the client identify HRS, develop coping strategies, strengthen self-efficacy, and address complex issues related to the emotions that may lead to relapse in spite of skills the client may have. It is important for the counselor to recognize if "coping deficits are a result of lack of knowledge and skills or if adequate coping skills are being interfered with by factors such as low motivation, low self-efficacy, or anxiety" (Marlatt & Parks, 2002, p. 12).

Another important element of relapse prevention is the establishment of a support system. Support systems may include family, friends, self-help groups, church, or healthcare professionals. A support system is critical to preventing relapse, and must be established before treatment ends (Capuzzi & Stauffer, 2008). Clients should list who these people are, and what types of support each provides. For example, a client may have specific friends that will help with recreational activities, certain loved ones who are comforting, and a counselor who can help when issues arise. Clients should also be reassured that counseling options will remain available. Chemical dependency treatment alone will not result in the resolution of a lifelong list of complex issues. Continued individual therapy may be indicated in these clients.

In conclusion, the end of treatment can be a trying time for clients. It is important counselors have prepared clients for the complicated transition back into the real world. Identifying high-risk situations and creating coping strategies for these scenarios can be beneficial. In addition, the establishment of a support system is imperative. Treatment outcomes may heavily depend on a strong network of family, friends, and professionals. Preventing relapse in a client that wants to return to addictive behaviors is impossible. However, assuming, they survive, what the client learns from a relapse can be invaluable to their future recovery.

Facebook Is Useless for Business - Isn't It?

Facebook is useless for business - that's what "everyone" says isn't it? Yes, everywhere you go in business circles these days you can find any number of people who tell you not to waste your time trying to do business on Facebook. It is great for big brands, they'll tell you, but it cannot help small or medium sized businesses very much, particularly those in the "business to business" arena. People around the individuals saying this nod sagely in agreement.

Similarly, when you go to business networking events you can find several people who all agree that Twitter is a waste of time for business. It's all about people saying they're eating jam sandwiches, they say. And besides, no-one I know of has made any money from it, they all agree.

Popular wisdom it's called. And it doesn't just apply to social networks.

For instance, there is plenty of material written in books and online about "left brain" and "right brain", explaining how each side of the brain is devoted to specific kinds of functions making one side of your brain creative and the other logical. Indeed, you will often hear people talking of others as being "so left-brained". It all seems to make sense, of course, apart from the fact that there is no real evidence to support this notion.

Then you hear people say that 83% of all communication is "non-verbal" citing "research" which proves it. Except that there was no such research and even the person quoted as providing the research has said several times it is not true. Even so, people still believe it.

The "facts" that you know about the business use of Twitter and Facebook, the notion of being left or right-brained and the "proof" that most communication is non-verbal are all the same things - misinformation.

The real problem is, we start to believe it. New research from Australian psychologists shows why this happens. It turns out that it is all to do with "cognitive effort". When "everyone" around us appears to believe in something - such as Twitter is only about jam sandwiches - then it takes less mental effort to agree than it does to disagree. Humans are primed to do things which take the least effort because that helps survival. So, when it comes to mental tasks like deciding whether or not we agree with something we opt for the least difficult thing.

The problem is worsened it seems when the people who tell us these so-called "facts" are people we like and trust, such as our friends. When they appear to believe in the "fact" that Facebook is no good for business, then we'll tend to agree too - it requires even more cognitive effort to disagree with your friends and people you trust. Hence we shy away from it.

So, how can you correct misinformation and get people to start understanding the real truth?

The answer it seems is to avoid referring to the misinformation itself, but instead to focus on just stating the real facts in brief. So here are some facts:

Facebook can help your business make more money

Twitter has been responsible for several businesses improving their profitability

The Slip - Freudian Slip

A Freudian slip is a verbal or memory mistake that is believed to be linked to the unconscious mind.

Example 1: A man calls his wife by the name of his mistress. 

Example 2: A person calls his wife "mom" because he subconsciously thinks of her like his mom. 

Example 3: A person expecting a dinner guest with a large nose reminds himself to avoid making any reference to noses at dinner. Then dinner comes and he says "Pass the nose" instead of "Pass the salt".

(Warning: All slips are not Freudian, and to interpret all slips as Freudian is not recommended.)

According to the theory of Sigmund Freud, people have many subconscious wishes, feelings and desires, which they have suppressed so that they are not consciously aware of them or are not willing to think of them at the present time. However, people sometimes make mistakes, called "Freudian slips" which reveal their subconscious thoughts. In a wider sense, "Freudian slip" is used to refer to any mistake in speech which reveals feelings or thoughts a person does not want to reveal.

The term is popularly used today in a humorous way when a person makes a mistake in speech. In these situations, observers often suggest (in a comic way) that the mistake reveals some type of hidden emotion on the part of the speaker.

Sigmund Freud Theory

Known as the father of psychoanalysis, Sigmund Freud developed a theory of the mind which contains three levels of awareness: the conscious, the preconscious, and the super conscious. According to his theory, the human mind is like an iceberg. The conscious part of the brain is just the small tip which is easily visible (accessible). The other two parts remain hidden below the surface.

In addition to the three levels of awareness, there are 3 components of personality: the id, the ego, and the superego. The id is the primitive part of the mind; it is irrational, emotional, child-like, and seeks self-gratification. The superego is the moral compass. The conscious, a subsystem of the superego, is constantly aware of right and wrong. For a child, this consists of everything he thinks mom and dad will disapprove of or punish. The ego, the rational part of the brain, compromises between these two opposing forces. "The conflict between the Id and Superego, negotiated by the Ego, is one of the fundamental psychological battles all people face."

In order to deal with this constant internal conflict, Freud believed that defense mechanisms were created to protect one's self. One of these methods is repression, where intense emotions, too difficult to deal with in the conscious awareness, are repressed into the subconscious. It's like our unconscious mind is a door to our conscious brain and the two meet during our dreams.

Egyptian Hypnosis: Imhotep and Ancient Hypnotism

There's actually proof linking back straight to Imhotep, so basically Hypnosis has roots older than 5000 years in the past. But who is this Imhotep guy? Well, Imhotep is the builder of the pyramids. He was actually a priest and had the reputation of a magician. Perceived to be the go to guy in regards to science and magic (they were intertwined back then) the pharaoh gave Imhotep the task of building the greatest pyramids in the world, and so he did. Imhotep knew his stuff. Can't argue with that, the guy had some leadership and knowledge in that elongated skull of his!

Hypnosis and the Pyramids

Egyptians used healing sanctuaries to heal people, mental illnesses, what we would class today as psychological problems. Those healing places were called "Sleep Temples." Imhotep owned multiple such sleep temples, in which he performed hypnosis. They didn't call it that back then, but nevertheless, that's what is was. You see, the subconscious mind has always existed, even though we only discovered it recently and some will have you believe that it doesn't exist. In these temples, the sick person was induces into a sleep like trance; priests then tried to make sense of the person's dreams in order to find out more about the illnesses and to find a potential cure for it.

Must of be a heck of a sight to see "patients" coming into these temples, these catacombs, and being introduced to, what was perceived back then, magic. That's what the normal folks thought of hypnosis, that's why only priests and priestesses knew the secrets.

These hypnosis secrets were handed down and taught only to the selected disciples, which had to go through years of apprenticeship to become practitioners, or priests as it were. Then these selected few could attend and help the main priest with the induction.

Egyptians relied heavily on scents and perfumes for their induction techniques. They would do these hypnotic inductions in isolated rooms, with no windows, so the scents didn't escape the room and the "patient" had to sniff up everything.

Once the person was ready, usually 3-5 minutes, the chanting and humming would begin, creating a religious feeling inside the chamber, which mixed with the scent and the figure of authority (the priest) would cause the subject to fall into a deep trance. With their eyes closed, people would then listen to the voice of the priest and follow his instructions, which usually were commands to narrate the dreams that particular person had.

Music and Trance States of Mind

In all popular music such as Rock, Dance, and Pop, there is a phenomenon that produces the state of trance in another and it is called a "trance generating loop." Essentially, a "trance generating loop" is trapped attention or consciousness flowing in a circular motion. In other words, the "trance generating loop" is consciousness stuck in a feedback loop and like all forms of feedback it can be increased or reduced in terms of distortion - or in this case mental distortion - by increasing or reducing the signal input.

A trance generating loop is created when a certain quantity of perceptual repetition is reached sufficient to produce an altered state of consciousness. Some trance researchers describe this process as an awareness loop, or a circular flow of consciousness. It is believed that the looping alone is the only necessary and sufficient condition to induce a dissociated state of mind. So by now you already know what it is that the hypnotist does to produce this occurrence in another for "therapeutic purposes," but now you will see how it is possible for a songwriter to perform the same "trick" using the medium of sound.

Music and the Trance State of Mind

The creation of a proper trance requires 3 conditions. The first is the existence of the dissociated state of mind. The second is the persistence of the dissociated trance plane. And the third is the manner or rate of substitution and timing. Each of these 3 factors must be present and reinforce one another by your design in order for your song's music to produce the necessary susceptibility for a trance state upon the individual audience member. Moreover, it is necessary to utilize each of these three factors correctly or else the fascination and heightened sense experience your music possesses will lose its substance and not retain its trance value. Trance researchers are fully aware that music consists of many trance generation loops consisting of multiple rhythms, melodies, and words. As one listens to one specific rhythm or melody, when a certain value is reached, the melody is 'learned' and a dissociated trance plane is produced. To stabilize a trance state what one has to then do is provide an additional layered trance generating loop consisting of the dissociated trance plane AND the original trance generating loop.

Another point is that whether the content of the "trance generating loop" consists of repeated mantras, chanting, images, drumbeats, strumming, or words, a state of trance is capable of being produced with any artistic medium, although some are more efficient than others at doing so. Trance research has further shown that the strength of a trance or its lasting duration depends on the number of repetitions and not necessarily on the content of the trance generating loop. In fact, the mechanical nature of trance seems to work regardless of the content of the trance generating loop. So don't worry if you think your music sucks, you can fix it and make it memorable, if not remarkable by following these suggestions.

After the creation of the trance generating loop, consistency of trance force is necessary to maintain the trance state which means that every part of a song's composition must reinforce every other part. That is the heart of a technique I call "Hypnotic Songwriting." With Hypnotic Songwriting, once all of a song's content is available for sorting, the guiding principle should then be to ramp up its hypnotic elements by the elimination of any inconsistencies that may exist between the lyrics and music. Even within the lyrics you may find a series of inconsistencies between one line and another or between the verse and chorus. Similarly, the music may need to be changed as well. In some cases, you may find that the rhythm isn't quite right because it somehow interferes with the melody or vice versa.

By carefully examining every part of the song musically and lyrically and making the appropriate changes to uphold the integrity of the lyrical message and musical presentation only then what you'll find is that what you originally had for a song has been transformed into a successful hypnotic composition. But what exactly did you do? All you did to maintain and deepen the state of trance was to remove the negative trance elements and reinforce the positive elements with additional trance loops with an appropriate number of repetitions.

In general, instrumental music is very effective for creating trances because repetition is much more easily produced with instruments and is usually much more tolerable, when compared with repetitive vocal music. However, there are always exceptions such as with the repeating chorus at the end of some songs, which is very hypnotic. With instrumental music though, you should make it rhythmically complex, metrically asymmetrical if possible, and relatively slow, not changing quickly in tempo, and not too loud. But depending on the genre of music and the expectations of the audience, loud can be good.

Repetitive music does not have to be boring, so you need to make it interesting. This means, once again, you need to give it lots of repetition, slowly developing musical structures, longer measures, odd syncopations, and irregular sets of rhythmic patterns. If you need more clarification about what I mean take a hint from these Minimalists composers: Terry Riley, Steve Reich, Phillip Glass; Robert Fripp of King Crimson, as well as the Classical Music of India.

So in essence, the objective of the "Hypnotic Songwriting" approach I've described here is to engage the attention of the conscious mind and keeping it distracted with music by preventing it from wandering around with lots of different thoughts. By doing this we are able to communicate more directly with the unconscious mind. Therefore, if you use some, if not all, of the information I've given you here, over time you should be able to discover your own signature sound and formulas for creating songs others can't get out of their heads.

Six Stages of Trance

Now that we know how the trance state is anatomically constructed let us analyze the impact of such a state on the human mind. Fortunately, researchers have discovered that there are 6 identifiable stages of trance which have been documented and I would like to share those with you now. The trance state can be divided into six different stages, each with their own set of characteristics. In the book Hypnosis: Secrets of the Mind, these stages are defined in the following way:

Stage One: lethargy and the start of relaxation.

Stage Two: patients will experience catalepsy in particular groups of muscles... they may also have the sensation of being heavy, or of floating. As with Stage One, this level is considered to be a light trance.

Stage Three: medium trance, as well as experiencing catalepsy the patient can be induced to smell and taste differently.

Stage Four: deeper medium trance, the hypnotist can induce amnesia-loss of memory-in the patient. This can be used with posthypnotic suggestions to ensure that the patient's conscious mind does not get in the way of the work of the unconscious. Other phenomena include anesthesia-numbness-of parts of the body and analgesia-the state of painlessness.

Stage Five: light deep trance, is often associated with positive hallucination. This means that the hypnotist can induce the patient to see or hear something that is not there.

Stage Six: deepest level of trance, patients can experience anesthesia... Another phenomenon is negative hallucination, when the patient can be induced not to see or hear things that are really there. Somnambulism - or sleepwalking - can also occur at this stage.

Trance "Logic"

When the conscious mind is suspended in the presence of a or several trance generating loop(s), trance logic produces manifestations such as the inhibition of critical thinking, intellectual processes, judgments, accurate recall, and decision-making. Moreover, awareness of the body is reduced and analgesia may be present. Self-observation is enhanced and hallucinations may be present. In deep trance, trance logic is found to function strongly in the mind and less so in lighter states of trance.

Here is a more thorough list of symptoms describing "trance logic." These are just some of the symptoms that your listener's may experience once they are in a light state of trance:

1. Critical judgment is decreased or disabled

2. There is a change in body awareness sensations

3. There is an increase in literalism and primary process thinking (images and symbols more than words) increases

4. Hypermnesia or perceived enhanced recall of memories; or amnesia, selective forgetting

5. Disabling or limiting of volition

6. Inaccurate sense of reality

7. Vivification or Hallucinations

8. Fixed attention

9. Involvement in inner processes or contact with the unconscious mind.

10. Other cognitive changes

The Teachings Of Gurdief, Esoteric Self-Transformation - "The Fourth Way"

This esoteric information is meant for those who are ready for it.

Become truly enlightened by learning The Teachings of Gurdjieff G.I. Gurdjieff (1872-1949) Esoteric Self-Transformation - "The Fourth Way"

Gurdjieff's fundamental aim was to help human beings awaken to the meaning of our existence and to the efforts we must make to realize that meaning in the midst of the life we have been given.

Gurdjieff was an Esoteric Teacher, Healer & Philosopher whose teachings were based on elevating certain aspects of humanity to a higher level of being.

His most important and fundamental concept was known as self-remembering.

In Gurdjieffs estimation, we forget ourselves constantly. We're lost in a myriad of our daily activities, our problems and our worries. Added to that is the distraction and effect of what other people think of us, the way that other people look at us, the way that other people treat us, having the effect of undermining us and knocking us off our focus.

Internal & External Considering Introduction

Internal Considering is something to be avoided. Internal considering is allowing the judgements, demands, expectations and conduct of others to effect or influence the way we feel, the way we act and our state of mind. Somebody is nice to us and smiles and we feel good. Another individual frowns at us or curses at us and we become upset. An attractive member, perhaps of the opposite sex finds us attractive and we feel beautiful inside. Someone else turns their face away and shuns us, suddenly we're ugly.

We internally are the same individual but we have allowed ourselves to be accessed by external conduct. Many people also engage in external considering by believing in our minds that someone is more powerful than us, has something we want, they're wealthier than us, so figuratively speaking, bow down to them. On the other hand, we encounter someone who is poorer than us, or in our estimation, in a lower station in life than us and we expect them to bow down to us. That conduct is the conduct of ordinary man and it's acting through the small self and the ego. A truly enlightened individual, bows down to no other individual and allows no other individual to bow down to them.

External considering is, without suffering, giving due to the other individual. Simple examples of external considering, opening the door for someone else, if someone has an event where they are being honored, allow them to receive the honor, don't compete with them for their honor. Treating other individuals with regard and with respect without feeling competitively inside.

The Fourth Way refers to a concept used by G.I. Gurdjieff to describe an approach to self-development learned over years of travel in the East that combined what he saw as three established traditional "ways," or "schools" into a fourth way. These three ways were of the body, mind and emotions. The term "The Fourth Way" was further developed by P.D. Ouspensky in his lectures and writings. Posthumously, Ouspensky's students published a book entitled Fourth Way, based on his lectures.